EMPRENDEDORES

Diez Mandamientos para los Emprendedores de Kawasaki

1. Ofrezca sentido, y no dinero. “Como capitalistas de riesgo”, dijo Kawasaki, “lidiamos con muchas empresas que, por norma, nos dicen aquello que creen que nos gustaría oír: cómo ganar dinero. Según mi experiencia, la mayor parte de las empresas fundadas sobre el concepto de ganar dinero suelen fallar. Atraen el tipo equivocado de socio y de empleado”. En lugar de eso, dice, el emprendedor debe preocuparse por hacer que su producto o servicio signifique algo más que la suma de sus componentes, y del dinero que podrá ganar. Kawasaki llamó la atención sobre las zapatillas aeróbicas de Nike dirigidas al público femenino, y cómo la empresa hizo de ellas algo más que sólo “dos piezas de algodón, cuero y goma producidas en condiciones relativamente sospechosas en Extremo Oriente”. Con una publicidad inteligente en que mostraba cómo las mujeres siempre han sido juzgadas y evaluadas, Nike “cogió un conjunto de materias primas de 2,50 dólares y lo transformó en símbolo de eficiencia, poder y liberación. La empresa produce sentido por medio de zapatos. Las grandes empresas son generadoras de sentido”. No hay duda de que Apple hizo eso con el Mac, con el iPhone y otros aparatos.

2. Trabaje con un mantra, y no con una misión. Declaraciones insípidas y genéricas sobre la misión de la empresa —“ofrecer productos y servicios de calidad superior para nuestros clientes y para la comunidad por medio de liderazgo innovador y asociaciones”— son buenas sólo para el consultor contratado para desarrollarlas, dijo Kawasaki. En vez de eso, opte por la concisión y defínase a sí mismo por lo que usted quiere significar para el cliente. Nike ofrece un “desempeño atlético auténtico”; FedEx promete “paz de espíritu”. Para que todos, dentro y fuera de la empresa, estén unidos en torno al mismo propósito, explíqueles la razón de ser de la empresa y de qué manera ella atiende a las necesidades y deseos de los clientes.

3. Sáltese las curvas. Innovar es más difícil que simplemente estar un poco por delante de la competencia en la misma curva. “Si su empresa fabrica impresoras de margarita, el próximo paso no es la introducción del tipo Helvética en un tamaño de fuente diferente. Su objetivo debe ser ‘saltar’ hacia la producción de impresoras láser”, dijo Kawasaki. Eso es más fácil de hacer en algunas empresas que en otras. El empresario dijo que en los tiempos anteriores a la refrigeración, la industria del hielo estaba formada por gente que cogía hielo en las regiones de clima frío usando caballos, trineos y sierras para ‘cosechar’ el hielo durante los meses de invierno. En 1900, un total de 4.536 toneladas de hielo se produjeron de ese modo. Después vino la era del ‘Hielo 2.0’: surgieron fábricas que producían hielo en cualquier lugar. El ‘hombre del hielo’ entregaba el producto en establecimientos comerciales y en las casas. Por fin, llegamos a la era del ‘Hielo 3.0’: la nevera casera.

Está claro que ninguna de aquellas personas que cosechaban hielo se metió en el negocio de la producción en fábricas, lo mismo que ninguna de las fábricas se introdujo en la industria de neveras. Esto se explica por el hecho de que “la mayor parte de las empresas se define por aquello que hace”, dijo Kawasaki, “y no por el ‘beneficio que genera para el cliente’. La verdadera innovación aparece siempre que nos saltamos las curvas, y no cuando nos esforzamos por mejorar un 10% o un 15%”.

4. Trabaje con diseños exclusivos. Introduzca características que no se queden en lo trivial. Kawasaki citó una de las ideas que considera más innovadoras: las sandalias Fanning Reef, que traen un abridor de botellas incorporado a la suela. Hay diseños igualmente inteligentes, como el de la linterna BF-104 de Panasonic, que puede usar pilas de tres tamaños diferentes. De ese modo, las personas no tendrán dificultad en escoger una pila entre los diferentes tamaños que suelen tener en casa. Hay diseños que son completos, porque no se limitan solo al producto: ofrecen también soporte y servicio. La elegancia también es fundamental, dice Kawasaki. “Toda empresa debería tener un CTO: Chief Taste Officer, o director de gusto’”, dijo. Tampoco puede faltar la emoción. “Buenos productos producen emociones fuertes: piense en la Harley Davidson, el Macintosh”.

5. No se preocupe en crear un producto perfecto. Esto no significa hacer un producto malo, sino que “la innovación puede contener elementos no muy buenos”, dijo Kawasaki. Twitter tiene un montón de fallos, pero está cambiando el hábito de las personas. El primer Mac tenía muchas cosas que había que mejorar, pero estableció cómo sería el futuro de la computación personal, y no necesitó esperar mucho por eso.

6. Polarice a las personas. Siempre que usted intente serlo todo para todo tipo de personas acaba cayendo en la mediocridad, dijo Kawasaki. El Scion xB de Toyota, con su estilo “cuadrado”, puede parecer feo para algunas personas, pero para los fans es sensacional. El TiVo tiene éxito, a pesar de volver loca de rabia a la industria de la publicidad.

7. No impida que broten las flores. Parafraseando a Mao, Kawasaki dijo que no sabemos dónde va a surgir una flor, así que simplemente debemos permitir que brote. Las innovaciones pueden atraer a clientes inesperados e imprevistos. Fue lo que sucedió con la crema para la piel “Skin-so-Soft” de Avon, que acabó siendo un éxito como repelente de mosquitos. La regla número 1, dijo Kawasaki, consiste en “conseguir el dinero. Regla número 2: descubrir quien está comprando su producto. Pregunte a esas personas por qué lo están comprando y déles otras razones para comprarlo. Eso es mucho más fácil que preguntar a las personas por qué no están interesadas y, a continuación, intentar cambiar su manera de pensar”.

8. Renuévese, renuévese siempre. Nunca deje de mejorar su producto o servicio. Oiga las ideas de los consumidores. No es fácil, dice Kawasaki, porque el innovador o el emprendedor siempre deben ignorar el consejo de los negativos y de los necios, para quien casi todo es imposible. Una vez hecho esto, cuando el producto llega a las manos del consumidor, ha llegado el momento de comenzar a recibir feedback.

9. Escoja su nicho. Encuentre su lugar, insistió Kawasaki. A continuación, presentó un gráfico simple de coordenadas X y Y con los cuatro cuadrantes donde se veían las variables “Exclusividad” y “Valor”. Un producto o servicio no necesita ser exclusivo para generar valor. Así fue, dijo, cómo Dell obtuvo cuota de mercado vendiendo ordenadores. En el cuadrante izquierdo inferior del gráfico Kawasaki colocó varias puntocom surgidas a finales de los años 90 sin nada de especial unas en relación con las otras. Eran empresas de bajo valor y sin inspiración. Ya en el cuadrante superior derecho estaban los productos y servicios exclusivos y de alto valor. Allí estaban la empresa online de servicios de entradas de cine Fandango y la compañía de tarjetas Clear, que puede agilizar el paso de los usuarios por la seguridad de los aeropuertos. “La parte superior derecha es la parte más codiciada del mercado”, dijo. “Allí hay producción de sentido. También es allí donde se gana dinero, se hace historia”.

10. Siga la regla del 10-20-30 siempre que esté intentando convencer a un capitalista de riesgo. En otras palabras, no use más de 10 diapositivas de PowerPoint, restrinja su discurso a 20 minutos y utilice una fuente de tamaño 30 en su presentación (para mantenerla simple). El objetivo de ese tipo de presentación no es volver a casa con un cheque en la mano, dijo, sino evitar “ser descartado”.


Ten Commandments from Entrepreneurial 'Evangelist' Guy Kawasaki
Published : June 10, 2009 in Knowledge@Wharton

When Guy Kawasaki talks about business innovation, as he did recently at a University of Pennsylvania technology conference, he brings more than 25 years of major-league experience to the conversation -- a background that the good-humored investor and entrepreneur calls "my checkered past." After getting a psychology degree at Stanford and an MBA at UCLA, the Hawaii-born Kawasaki became the second software "evangelist" at Apple Computer, where his job from 1983 to 1987 was to convince people to create software for the Macintosh. Kawasaki fondly recalls his colleagues at Apple as visionary, driven and "arguably the greatest collection of egomaniacs in the history of California -- though the record has subsequently been broken by Google."

After leaving Apple, Kawasaki started his own companies in addition to becoming an author, consultant and venture capitalist. His books include The Macintosh Way, Rules for Revolutionaries, Selling the Dream and, most recently, Reality Check. Now 54, Kawasaki listens to pitches from start-ups regularly at his venture capital firm, Garage Technology Ventures. Its portfolio includes technologies ranging from logistics outsourcing to renewable energy, though he admits the firm hasn't yet had its breakout hit -- its own Apple or Google. In 2008, Kawasaki launched Alltop, a free Web site that uses RSS feeds to aggregate, by topic, the latest stories from thousands of web sites and blogs. His blog, "How to Change the World," is among the most visited business strategy sites.

At Penn, he spoke at a conference marking the 20th anniversary of the Executive Master's in Technology Management (EMTM) program, offered by Penn Engineering and co-sponsored by Wharton. His talk, titled "The Art of Innovation," amounted to a 10-point manifesto on how to make something of value for customers. Along the way, he invoked funny and revealing examples that included everything from obsolete ice-delivery men to beach sandals that open beer bottles.

The following is a summary of Kawasaki's "Ten Commandments":

1. Make meaning, not money. "As venture capitalists," Kawasaki said, "we deal with many companies, and often they come in [saying what] they think we want to hear: that they want to make money. It's been my observation that most companies founded on this concept of making money pretty much fail. They attract the wrong kind of co-founders and early employees." Rather, he says, entrepreneurs should focus on making their product or service mean something beyond the sum of its components -- and the money may very well follow. He noted how Nike made its aerobic sneakers for women into more than just "two pieces of cotton, leather and rubber, manufactured under somewhat suspect conditions in the Far East." With smart advertising about how women traditionally have been measured and judged, Nike "turned $2.50 of raw materials into something that stands for efficacy and power and liberation. They are making meaning with shoes. Great companies make meaning." Certainly, Apple has done that with the Mac, iPhone and other devices.

2. Make a mantra, not a mission statement. Bland, generic company mission statements -- about "delivering superior-quality products and services for our customers and communities through leadership innovation and partnerships" -- serve no one but the consultant brought in to develop them, Kawasaki said. Instead, keep it short and define yourself by what you want to mean to consumers. Nike stands for "authentic athletic performance." FedEx is about "peace of mind." To get everyone internally and externally on the same page, explain why your organization exists and how it meets customers' needs and desires.
3. Jump curves. Innovating is harder than just staying a little bit ahead of competitors on the same curve. "If you're a daisy-wheel printer company, the goal is not to introduce Helvetica in another point size. The goal is to jump to laser printer," he said. That's easier in some businesses than others. Kawasaki noted how in the days before refrigeration, the ice industry consisted of ice harvesters in cold climates using horses, sleighs and saws to collect ice outdoors during winter months. Ten million pounds of ice were shipped in 1900 that way, he said. Then came "Ice 2.0" -- factories that could freeze ice anywhere and an ice man who would deliver it to establishments and homes. Finally came "Ice 3.0": home refrigerators.

Of course, none of the ice harvesters got into the ice factory business, and none of the factories got into the refrigerator business. That's because "most organizations define themselves in terms of what they do," he said, "instead of thinking 'what benefit do we provide the customer?' True innovation comes when you jump curves, not when you duke it out for 10% or 15% better."

4. In product design, "roll the DICEE." That's an acronym. "D" is for deep, which to Kawasaki means thinking about features that go beyond the norm. One of his favorite "deep" ideas: Fanning Reef sandals, which have a bottle opener built into the sole. "I" is for intelligence, as seen in the design of Panasonic's BF-104 flashlight, which uses batteries of three different sizes to accommodate the random mix of extra batteries many people have around the house. "C" is for complete -- or being not just a product, but including support and service. The first "E" is for elegance: Beauty matters, according to Kawasaki. "Companies should have CTOs -- chief taste officers," he said. The second "E" is for emotive. "Great products generate strong emotions: Think Harley Davidson, Macintosh."
5. Don't worry, be "crappy." This doesn't mean ship a bad product, but "your innovation can have elements of crappiness to it," Kawasaki said. Twitter has a litany of flaws, but it is changing people's habits. The first Mac had plenty of room for improvement, but it made a statement about the future of personal computing, and it did not need to wait.
6. Polarize people. Try to be all things to all people and you often ship mediocrity, Kawasaki said. The boxy Toyota Scion xB looks ugly to some people but very cool to its devotees. TiVo became popular while maddening the advertising industry.
7. Let 100 flowers blossom. Borrowing from Chairman Mao, Kawasaki said you never know where the flowers will emerge, so let them grow. Innovations may attract unexpected and unintended customers. Think of Avon Products' Skin-so-Soft cream, which became popular as a mosquito repellent. Rule one, he said, is "take the money. Rule two: Learn who's buying your product, ask them why and give them more reasons. That's a lot easier than asking people who aren't interested 'why not,' and trying to change their minds."

8. Churn, baby, churn. Always improve. Listen to customers for ideas. That's difficult, Kawasaki said, because an innovator or entrepreneur must often ignore the advice of naysayers and "bozos" who say it can't be done. Once it is done, and the product reaches the hands of customers, it's time to start listening to their feedback. "Once you ship, then you flip," Kawasaki said.
9. Niche yourself. Find your place, Kawasaki urged. He showed a simple X-Y graph, with the usual four quadrants mapping the variables "Uniqueness" and "Value." A product or service does not need to be unique if it delivers value. That, he said, is how Dell won market share selling computers. In the lower left quadrant of his X-Y graph he placed many of the me-too dot.com companies of the late 1990s that were low value and uninspired. But in the upper-right quadrant were high value, unique products and services. They included the online movie-ticketing service Fandango and the Clear card that can speed passage through airport security. "The upper-right-hand corner is the holy grail of marketing," he said. "It's where meaning is made, it's where money is made, it's where history is made."

10. Follow the 10-20-30 rule when pitching to venture capitalists. That means no more than 10 PowerPoint slides, a limit of 20 minutes for the pitch, and using a 30-point font size in the presentation (to keep it simple). The goal of such pitches isn't to walk home with a check, he said, it's to "not be eliminated" from consideration.

Kawasaki added one bonus point for innovators -- and a mea culpa. "Don't let the bozos get you down," he said, trotting out some well-worn statements from technology naysayers, such as IBM chairman Thomas Watson's assertion in 1943 that the total worldwide market for computers was "maybe five" (computer historians question the authenticity of the unsubstantiated quote), and Western Union's inability to see a use for the telephone. These companies were trapped by thinking about what they already did, rather than what could be done next. Ignore them, Kawasaki said. Nevertheless, he admitted he was a "bozo" himself once. In the mid-1990s, he was offered a chance to interview for the CEO position at Yahoo. He declined. He saw the web as just another thing to do with a computer modem, and a web index as having limited value. "By my calculation, this decision cost me $2 billion."

INNOVATION

“What the innovators have in common is that they can put together ideas and information in unique combinations that nobody else has quite put together before.”

Studies have shown that creativity is close to 80 percent learned and acquired. We found that it’s like exercising your muscles—if you engage in the actions you build the skills.”

“They are able to put together something they hear from a conference they were at last week with a briefing they’re at tomorrow and come up with a new idea.”

GROWING START UP BUSINESS
http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=2272